BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL
Several expressions of congratulating, complimenting, and thanking:
Congratulation ] is an expression that we use to give the congratulation utterance when he/she succeeds in doing something.
Congratulating:
· Congratulations!
· Congratulations on your success!
· Happy birthday!
· Happy Lebaran Day/Happy led!
· Merry Christmas!
· Happy New Year!
· Happy Valentine!
· Happy anniversary!
Compliment ] is an expression that we show or say to express/give praise. Some people use compliments to “butter up” somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will, for example:
Ø on his/her general appearance
Ø if you notice something new about the person’s appearance
Ø when you visit someone’s house for the first time
Ø when other people do their best
Complimenting:
· What a nice dress!
· You look great.
· You look very nice/beautiful/handsome.
· I really must express my admiration for your dance.
· Good grades!
· Excellent!
· Nice work!
· Good job!
Gratitude ] is an expression that we show or say to express grateful feeling to other people. When speaking English, you say “thanks” very often. Please say “thank you” when people give you something, help you do something, wish you something and give you a compliment etc.
Thanking:
· Thank you very much
· Thank you for your help
· I’m really very grateful to you
· You’re welcome
· Don’t mention it
· It’s a pleasure / My pleasure
· I want to express my gratitude to (my teacher, my father, etc)
· I am grateful to your help
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL
ø To express surprise or disbelief:
ï What a surprise! That’s a surprise!
ï (Well), that’s very surprising!
ï Really?
ï What?
ï Are you serious? You must be joking!
ï You’re kidding!
ï Fancy that!
ï I must say … surprises me.
ï I find that hard to believe.
Example of expressing surprise:
A: How can you say that?
B: Well, that’s the fact.
Example of expressing surprise:
A: I can’t believe it!
B: That’s true.
When you got a surprising fact, you can say:
¨ Do you know what?
¨ Believe it or not?
¨ You may not believe it, but …
¨ Can you believe this?
You can respond to the surprising fact using these expressions:
¨ Really?
¨ Are you joking?
¨ Oh?
¨ Where? Show me.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL
Invitation:
To invite someone
¨ I would like you to …
¨ We would be pleased if you could …
¨ Would you like to …?
¨ Shall we …?
¨ How about …?
To accept an invitation
¨ Thank you. Yes, I would like to …
¨ Yes, I would. Thanks.
¨ That would be very nice. Thank you.
¨ All right!
¨ O.K.!
To refuse/decline an invitation
¨ I would love to, but …
¨ That’s nice/great. Unfortunately/However …
¨ That’s very kind of you, but …
¨ Sorry, that wouldn’t be possible. Thanks anyway.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL
Snow Maiden
Once upon a time there lived a couple in a village. They had got married for a long time, but so far they did not have a baby yet. Every single minute they prayed to God, begged for a baby, but it never came true.
One day, they went to snow mountain. They made a girl from snow and they dressed her beautifully. When it got dark, they decided to go home and left the snow girl alone. The following morning, someone knocked the door. "Any body home?” she said. The old woman inside opened the door and asked, "Who are you?" The girl said "I'm Snow Maiden, your daughter". The old woman was surprised and happy, "Oh, really? Thanks God! Come in, please!" Since that meeting, they lived happily.
Snow Maiden was beautiful, kind, diligent and helpful. Her parents and all of her friends loved her very much. One day, Snow Maiden played with her friends. They played fire. At first, Snow Maiden just looked at their play. Suddenly, her friends asked her to jump on the fire. Of course she refused it because one thing that made her afraid was the fire. It's because Snow Maiden was made of snow, so she should avoid the fire. But her friends kept on forcing her to jump on. Finally, she could not do anything then she did it. She jumped on the fire and she melted. Her friends were so sorry about this, they cried and cried hoping Snow Maiden could live again, but it was useless. Snow Maiden would not be back anymore. Her mother tried to entertain Snow Maiden's friends and asked them to make a new Snow Maiden. They went to a snow mountain and started making it. They expected to have the new Snow Maiden. Days passed but their dreams never came true.
Poor them!
Narrative text is a text which contains about story (fiction/non fiction/tales/folktales/ fables/myths/epic) and in its plot consists of climax of the story (complication) then followed by the resolution.
Generic Structures: Orientation - Complication - Evaluation (optional) - Resolution
Orientation: it is about WHO, WHEN, and WHERE the story happened.
Evaluation: is optional; it is usually used to make the story more interesting.
Complication: it is about the conflict or the big problem of the story. Complication is the part of the story in which there is a conflict among the characters of the story (it is possible to make more than one conflict in a complication), and it is the climax of the story (the big problem in the story). A story can have more than one complication.
Resolution: it is the solution of the problem. It can be a happy or sad ending. In Resolution, the solution or the way out of the conflict/ the big problem must be written.
Coda: it is the change of one of the character or two, or the meaning of the story that can be caught as a moral value of life.
Example: The story of Cinderella, Snow White, Snow Maiden, The Little Pear Girl, The Ugly Duckling, etc.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL
News Item: is factual text which informs the readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.
Social function of news item is: to inform readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.
Generic structure:
v Newsworthy Event(s): recounts the events in summary form
v Background Event(s): elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances.
v Sources: comments by participants in, witnesses to and authorities’ expert on the event.
Significant Grammar Features:
± Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
± Generally using Simple Past Tense
± Use of Material Processes to retell the event
± Using Action Verbs, e.g.: were, run, go, kill, etc.
± Using Saying Verbs, e.g.: say, tell
± Focus on Circumstances
± Use of projecting Verbal Processes in Sources stages
There are some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible.
1. The passive voice is used without the appropriate form of “be”.
Example: Town ‘Contaminated’
Complete Sentence: Town is contaminated.
2. It is unusual to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used
Example: Fire Destroys over 2,511 acres of Forest in 2003-2004
Complete Sentence: Fire has destroyed over 2,511 acres of forest in 2003-2004.
3. The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing or developing, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out.
Example: World Heading for Energy Crisis
Complete Sentence: The world is heading for an energy crisis.
4. To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive.
Example: Queen to Visit Samoa.
Complete Sentence: The Queen is going to visit Samoa.
5. Headlines are not always complete sentences.
Example: More earthquakes in Japan.
Complete Sentence: More earthquakes happened in Japan.
News Item:
A Korean Force of Nature
| Newsworthy event | In just three years, Korean pop star Rain Has built a huge domestic following of (mostly) female fans with a string of chart-topping singles, and now he’s ready to branch out overseas. |
| Background events | Rain picked up MTV Asia prizes this year, played his first solo concert in Japan in July and has lined up sold-out gigs in Hong Kong and Tokyo. But the engine of Korean pop-culture dominance in Asia is the soap opera, which is why Rain is forecast for TV this fall. The decidedly boyish singer will play a macho K-1 fighter who falls for his brother’s lover in a series tentatively titled A Loved to Kill. Though the show is set to air first in Korea this October, the astounding popularity of Korean TV dramas around the region means that the pop star could soon become a familiar face throughout Asia. But why stop there? Rain’s managers believe he could be the first Korean star to break into the U.S. market. Park Jin Young, the pop impresario who discovered and trained Rain, is a talented dancer and songwriter who has worked with U.S. artists like Mase and Will Smith. Since setting up camp in Los Angeles last year, Park has been shopping his protégé around to U.S. production companies. Rain almost managed to score a track on rapper Lil’ Kim’s latest album–but the plan fell apart after Kim was convicted of perjury and had to start serving a jail term, according to Jimmy Jeong, an executive at Rain’s management company. |
| Sources | Just a minor setback, says Jeong: “We’re targeting the global market. Rain’s too big for Asia.” |
Dogs to Herd Geese From Central Park
| Newsworthy event | NEW YORK (AP) -- City officials will use border collies to drive geese away from Central Park's lawns and meadows next month. |
| Background events | A Howell, N.J., company, Geese Police Inc., employs dog handlers who are educated on the behavior of Canada geese and their migratory, nesting and breeding habits. The collies, bred to herd sheep, have a natural instinct to round up geese. The Geese Police pilot program, funded by the New York City's Department of Parks and Recreation and the Central Park Conservancy management organization, will last through April. As with all wildlife that inhabit or migrate through city parkland, Canada geese are protected from hunting and attack by humans, parks Commissioner Adrian Benepe said Monday. But their increasing presence can damage grass and leave parks fouled by droppings, Benepe said. |
| Sources | "The Geese Police pilot project is an innovative and humane effort to manage the growing geese population in Central Park," he said. |
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL
Passive Voice
| 1. | Simple present | Active passive | We
OB on RCTI | watched is watched | OB on RCTI (by us) | everyday. everyday. |
| 2. | Simple past | Active passive |  Rita
A letter | wrote was written | a letter by Rita | yesterday. yesterday. |
| 3. | Simple Future | Active passive |  My family
A villa | will rent will be rent | a villa by my family | for holiday. for holiday. |
| When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following: · the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence · the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle) · the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped) |
| Agent In a passive clause, we usually use a phrase beginning with by if we want to mention the agent - the person or thing that does the action, or that causes what happens. Examples: My mother makes sandwich every morning. Subject verb1+s/es O C (adv. of time) 
Sandwich is made by my mother every morning. Subject to be+V3 Agent C (adv. of time) |
| present continuous : [ S + to be + being +V3 (past participle) present perfect: [ S + has/have + been + V3 (past participle) |
| present continuous | Active Passive | A young boy is catching a butterfly. A butterfly is being caught by a young boy. |
| present perfect | Active Passive | Yano has returned the book to the library. The book has been returned to the library by Yano. |
| If you want to change an active sentence which has two objects into its passive forms, there are two ways: 1. Make its indirect object into the subject of the passive sentence. 2. Make its direct object into the subject of the passive sentence. |
| Examples: Active: | John is giving his girl-friend a bunch of flower. indirect object direct object |
| Passive: The indirect object as the subject | John’s girl-friend is being given a bunch of flower. |
| Passive: The direct object as the subject | A bunch of flower is being given to John’s girl-friend. |
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BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL
| A To understand this lesson is easy. B It is easy to understand this lesson. |
In this pattern, it has no meaning. It is used only to fill the subject position in the sentence. Thus, it is called introductory “it”.
A and B mean the same thing, but sentence B is more common and useful than A. A was introduce mainly to make the meaning of C easier to understand.
Introductory “it” can fill the position both of the subject and object.
Introductory “it” as a subject:
To watch musical programs is pleasant.
It is pleasant to watch musical program.
To play football must be fun.
It is fun to play football.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL
The aim of descriptive text: to describe the characteristics of particular person, thing, or place.
Text Structure:
▪ Identification Þ identifies thing, person, place, phenomenon to be described.
▪ Description Þ gives the information of particular thing, person, or place being discussed or describes parts, qualities, or characteristics.
Grammatical Features:
▪ Who? What?
▪ Using Linking verb and Simple Present Tense
▪ Epithet: adjective or adjective phrase
▪ Attributive (the)
▪ Use of attributive and identifying process
▪ Focus on specific participants
▪ Frequent use of epithets and classifier in nominal groups
Example of Descriptive Text:
My Pets
We have three family pets: a dog, a cat, and a tortoise.
The dog’s name is Benjamin. He is big golden Labrador. He is beautiful. He has big brown eyes and a long tail. He is very friendly dog, but he is sometimes a little stupid. Dogs are expensive to keep but they are fun to play with.
Our cat is named Martha. She is quite young, but she is not a kitten. She is very pretty. She has black and white fur and green eyes. She’s smart, too and very clean.
The tortoise’s name is Rocky. He has short, fat legs, a long neck, and a very hard shell. He is also very old and slow. He’s ugly and dirty, but I like him.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL
Direct Speech
refers to reproducing another person’s exact words or saying exactly what someone has said (sometimes called quoted speech).
We use quotation marks (“______________”) and it should be word for word.
For example:
Nicky said, “It’s hot”.
Or
“It’s hot,” Nicky said.
Indirect speech
refers to reproducing the idea of another person’s words that doesn’t use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word.
Indirect speech is sometimes called reported speech.
The tense usually changes when reporting speech. This is because we are usually talking about a time in the past and obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past.
The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.
| ▪ Note: The reporting verbs that are usually used to report imperative sentences are: Tell, order, command, ask, warn, remind |
| ▪ Don’t forget to mention the indirect object. Father warned me not to drive fast. |
For example:
Direct speech Indirect speech
Present simple Past simple
Vita said, “I eat fried rice”. Vita said that she ate fried rice.
Past simple Past Perfect
Mother said, “I went to market yesterday”. Mother said (that) she had gone to market the day before.
Future simple Past Future
Lea said, “I am going to wash my clothes”. Lea said (that) she was going to wash her clothes.
Dave said, “I will buy an I-Pod next week”. Dave said (that) he would buy an I-Pod the week after.
Present continuous Past continuous
Gama said, “I am playing football”. Gama said he was playing football.
Past continuous Past perfect continuous
She said, “I was teaching earlier.” She said she had been teaching earlier.
▪ When we want to report what someone said, we do not usually repeat their exact words, we use our words. We can use reporting verbs, such as tell, say, ask followed by ‘that-clause’.
Example: My mother said that she got up at 4 o’clock.
▪ When reporting verbs is in the Present, Present Perfect, or Future, there is no change of tense in the words reported.
Example: She will tell you
She says (that) she doesn’t know.
She has just said
In time expressions and pronouns
| Direct speech | Indirect speech |
| Now Today/tonight Yesterday Tomorrow Last week Next week Ago | Then That day/that night The day before/the previous day The next/following day The previous week The following week/the week after Before |
| This/these Here Pronouns | That/those There They change according to the context |
Sometimes we need to report someone’s questions. The reported question are introduced with the verb ask, inquire, wonder, want to know, etc.
| Type | Form | Examples |
| Yes-No questions |  Ask + if/whether + subject + verb
Wonder etc. | “Do you speak English?” - He wondered if I spoke English. |
| Wh-questions | Ask + question word + subject + verb Wonder etc. | “What are you watching?” - She asked what I am watching. |
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL
Noun phrase
A noun phrase is either a single noun or pronoun or any group of words containing a noun or a pronoun that function together as a noun or pronoun, as the subject or object of a verb.
For example, ‘they’, ‘books’, and ‘the books’ are noun phrases, but ‘book’ is just a noun, as you can see in these sentences (in which the noun phrases are all in bold)
Example 1:
Shaggy: Do you like books?
Bean : Yes, I like them.
Shaggy: Do you like books over there?
Bean : Yes, they are nice.
Shaggy: Do you like the book I brought yesterday?
Bean : Yes, I like it. (Note: ‘It’ refers to ‘the book’, not ‘book’)
Example 2:
Nicko was late.
(‘Nicko’ is the noun phrase functioning as the subject of the verb.)
Some noun phrases are short: The students
Some are long: The very tall education consultant
Structures of noun phrases:
▪ A beautiful old painting on the wall
When you use a noun in front of another noun, you never put adjectives between them. You put adjectives in front of the first noun.
Example: We just spoke with a young American boy.
Noun phrase can be in form of gerund (Vbase+ing) or gerund and other nouns compounding.
Example: passing the exam watching TV
preparing the equipment sliding down a rope
going to school diving board
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL
A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand by their own as complete sentences.
Every grammatically correct sentence or clause must contain a finite verb; sentence fragments not containing finite verbs are described as phrases.
Some interjections can play the same role. Even in English, a sentence like Thanks for your help! has an interjection where it could have a subject and a finite verb form (compare I appreciate your help!).
In English, as in most related languages, only verbs in certain moods are finite. These include:
- the indicative mood (expressing a state of affairs); e.g., "The bulldozer demolished the restaurant," "The leaves were yellow and stiff."
- the imperative mood (giving a command).
- the subjunctive mood (expressing something that might or might not be the state of affairs, depending on some other part of the sentence); nearly extinct in English.
A verb is a word that expresses an occurrence, act, or mode of being. Finite verbs, sometimes called main verbs, are limited by time (see tense), person, and number.
A nonfinite verb form - such as a participle, infinitive, or gerund - is not limited by by time (see tense), person, and number.
Verb forms that are not finite include:
In linguistics, a non-finite verb (or a verbal) is a verb form that is not limited by a subject; and more generally, it is not fully inflected by categories that are marked inflectionally in language, such as tense, aspect, mood, number, gender, and person. As a result, a non-finite verb cannot generally serve as the main verb in an independent clause; rather, it heads a non-finite clause.
By some accounts, a non-finite verb acts simultaneously as a verb and as another part of speech; it can take adverbs and certain kinds of verb arguments, producing a verbal phrase (i.e., non-finite clause), and this phrase then plays a different role — usually noun, adjective, or adverb — in a greater clause. This is the reason for the term verbal; non-finite verbs have traditionally been classified as verbal nouns, verbal adjectives, or verbal adverbs.
English has three kinds of verbals: participles, which function as adjectives; gerunds, which function as nouns; and infinitives, which have noun-like, adjective-like, and adverb-like functions. Each of these is also used in various common constructs; for example, the past participle is used in forming the perfect aspect (to have done).
Other kinds of verbals, such as supines and gerundives, exist in other languages.
Example:
The finite verbs are the underlined words.
The Crow and the Fox
One day a crow finds a tasty piece of cheese. She picks it up, flaps her wings, and flies to a high branch of a tree to eat it.
…………….
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL
Modals in the past form
| Modals |
| present | Past |
| can | could |
| will | would |
| shall | should |
| may | might |
1. Could + Verb base
ô to offer suggestions or possibilities
Example: Patrick : Oh, no! I left my shorts.
Spongebob : Don’t worry, Patrick. You could borrow my shorts.
Asmi : I’m having trouble with English.
Randah : Why don’t you ask Agnes? Perhaps she could help you.
ô to indicate that the ability existed in the past but doesn’t exist now.
Example: Tasya : Ras, can you climb the durian tree?
Rasya : Well… I could climb durian tree when I was so young. But I think I’m too heavy to climb it.
Mia : Grandpa, what could you do when you were younger?
Grandpa : When I was younger, I could swim across the big river very well and faster.
ô to express polite requests
Example: Could I borrow your pencil (please)?
Could you lend me your jacket now?
Could you please close the door?
Could you pass the salt?
2. Would + Verb base
ô for an action that was repeated regularly in the past
Example: When I was a child, I would visit my grandparents every weekend.
On Sundays, when I was a child, we would all get up early and go fishing.
ô insert rather into the pattern and use this expression to express preferences
Example: Justin : What would you rather do in the weekend, go to the party or stay home?
Eminem : I would rather go to the party than stay home.
Angel : Which country would you rather visit?
Maria : I would rather visit Italia than Somalia.
ô to express polite requests
Example: Andi : Would you mind cycling with me, Kala?
Kala : No, not at all. It would be nice.
Mikola : Would you please pass the helmet, Bella?
Bella : No problem.
3. Should + Verb base
ô to give definite advice (advisability)
Example: Bunda : Putri, you should study tonight. You will have English test tomorrow, won’t you?
Putri : I will, Bunda.
Debby : You should paint your door, Bobby. It looks terrible.
Bobby : Yes, I know I should.
ô to express the subject’s obligation or duty:
Example: You should practice for more than an hour. (to musical friend)
They shouldn’t allow parking here; the street is too narrow.
Application should be sent before March 25th.
4. Might + Verb base
ô to tell possibilities
Example: David : Where is Deddy?
Copperfield : He might be in the studio with Kalina.
ô To express polite requests
Example: Tian : Might I borrow your coat?
Ringgo : I’m afraid not. It has been brought by Donny for weeks and I don’t know when he’ll return it.
